Despite any intermittent dip in pump prices, economists are certain that crude oil prices will continue to rise in the long–term. So where does this leave the average consumer like you and me who are trying to take the pain out of re–fueling at the pumps? Well, there are many gas saving tips that have been tried and tested by car owners, but the one alternative that stands out and getting very popular is the hydrogen fuel kit.

This technology is not new. Almost a century ago, HHO, also known as oxyhydrogen or Brown's gas, has been widely used in welding works, blow torches, lamps and high–heat metallurgy ovens. The current high gas prices have pushed the adaptation of the same technology in the automotive industry.

A hydrogen fuel kit utilizes the process of electrolysis to break down water into its basic elements of hydrogen and oxygen before recombining to form HHO gas. This gas is injected into the fuel mixture of a car's internal combustion engine. HHO increases the combustion rate of your regular gasoline, potentially yielding anywhere between 50% – 70% in MPG improvement, as well as significant reduction in harmful emissions.

How much HHO do you actually need? Well, one liter of water makes over 1860 liters of HHO. This is enough to last for months for a typical family car! Despite claims of «run your car on water» or the like, well, you should know that water does not burn and thus cannot totally replace gasoline as fuel. It is HHO that plays a key role in this technology by supplementing gasoline to boost fuel economy.

The hydrogen fuel kit is installed under the hood of the car along with the reservoir for the water, drawing the necessary electric current for electrolysis from the car's internal power supply. Do–it–yourself conversion manuals typically cost between $50–$100, while the parts and materials can be cheaply acquired for less than $150. This is why this DIY technology is fast gaining appeal among car owners. Custom–made installations can be done by an auto parts dealer or your local car mechanic, but this can set you back by up to $2,000.

You'll be glad to know that besides immediate gas savings, you're also eligible to claim significant IRS tax benefits simply for using clean–burning fuel. Since 2005, the IRS started providing tax benefits to car owners who «go green». These benefits range from $2,000 for a regular family sedan to $50,000 for large commercial trucks. Furthermore, the U.S. government also subsidizes the cost of installation of devices that results in cleaner gas emissions. Besides hydrogen–powered cars and hybrid cars, cars using water as fuel are also eligible.

The hydrogen fuel kit is fast gaining popularity. Many drivers are already jumping onto this bandwagon and are successfully saving $1000s on gas cost each year. What about you?

Seiko watches bring the service quality of a century of work and dedication to the manufacturing of top watches to meet all kinds of requirements and expectations. We are talking about the first company to have created the quartz watch in the world but their contribution to the watch industry is much larger.Seiko watches are being sold for a variety of purposes from metallurgy and mechatronics to applications like camera components. Sports products, jewelry and eyeglasses also fall in the production domain of the Seiko brand name. But Seiko is known for their beautiful wristwatches. The sleek lines and clean looks of these watches inspire confidence and enhance your projected image. Which explains why these watches are so popular even today.

People fond of online shopping know that when it comes to purchasing a branded product, the best way to make sure you are buying the authentic item is to shop with an authorized retailer. Seiko watches are no exception to this rule, as it is the company's policy to designate and authorize sites to act as their representatives. You will recognize a Seiko representative by the emblem displayed on the retailer's home page. There are plenty of advantages in contacting only such official sites and both businesses and customers benefit from this arrangement.

By going online, you will have rapid access to the latest collections of Seiko watches. Then, you need not worry about the size and the way the watch fits since all pertinent details are indicated in the website to allow you to make the best possible choice. Seiko watches have after–sale services as well as a very advantageous warranty granted by the producer. All the pictures in the Seiko catalogs are accompanied by clear indications of the price, the model number, and design and dial color. Many online retailers offer you discounts but they never forget to mention the original price. This makes it easy for you to compare the original price with the discounted one and get a picture of how much you would be saving on an online purchase.

Seiko watches are typically made of stainless steel due to its high resistance properties, but combinations are possible too. Thus, the case and the band could be manufactured from two different types of steel, either brushed or polished. Then, water resistance depends on the model and it generally doesn't go beyond 100 meters, but you can check the item for indications on site. When ordering Seiko watches from an authorized online retailer you'll get three items in the package: the watch, the case and the three–year warranty.

Seiko is for people who love quality and value return for money over ostentatious looks and names. From the time Seiko came into the market in 1924 till date, the company has managed to stick to its established reputation for quality timepieces that suit every budget. Seiko's worldwide presence is a testimony to the love and regard consumers all over the world have for the product. Great looks and incredible technology make these watches a pleasure and pride to own. That explains why Seiko never had to fear any other brand taking over its market share.

Chemistry is the science of substances, or materials, their composition and characteristics, and the reactions which take place between those substances. It is concerned with chemical elements in their pure state and when they are combined, that is, reactions of these elements and the compounds which they form. The scientist who wants to do chemistry must first be able to understand its building blocks, substances in their pure state. Only then can the chemist use that knowledge to comprehend more complicated phenomena, and begin to perform his own experiments.

Every chemical reaction can be represented with the help of atoms and molecules. It was necessary, therefore, to develop a special system of chemical symbols. Substances in their pure state, called elements, were sometimes named after the scientists who discovered them. From those names, abbreviations were derived (like O for oxygen). These chemical symbols are used to denote various chemical reactions. Every element, then, has a letter or letters associated with it, most of these coming from the element's Latin name. It is natural that each element has its own original abbreviation.

With the help of these chemical symbols, which contain both letters and numbers, chemical reactions can be described in a way which describes the reality of what takes place at the atomic level. On one side, the left, are reactants, the substances which enter into a reaction. On the right side are products, the end results of a reaction.

Chemistry deals with reactions at the atomic level of substances. It attempts to experimentally decipher what happens between the individual atoms of a reaction, the «secret» of each reaction. In turn, these secrets help chemists formulate chemical laws and scientific information, which help them to better understand the world around us. One of the goals of chemistry is the development of new substances and materials, and their production. With the help of these new materials, those already in use can be replaced by more effective, higher quality ones, to make our lives easier and better.

In our daily lives, chemistry can be found around every corner. Without commercial fertiliser, medicines, plastics and other chemical products, it would be difficult to imagine our lives as they are today. We human beings have chemistry to thank for the tablets we take to make us feel better, for cleaning products, as well as for cosmetics and foods and other grocery products which contain preservatives to make them last longer.

Of course, what seemed to be promising chemical discoveries can also be the cause of environmental disasters. For example, DDT (dichlorophenyltrichloretane), an insecticide, or freon (composed of flourine and chlorine with hydrocarbons), and the dissolved gases in aerosol sprays and cooling fluids for refrigerators have all caused problems. When these problems arise, however, it is chemistry which has to step in to offer a solution.

A good example of this process, getting rid of harmful substances with the help of chemistry, was the development of a catalytic converter for motor vehicles. This device is simply an improvement to the exhaust system of motor vehicles. With its help, a highly poisonous gas, carbon monoxide (chemical symbol CO) is changed into the less harmful molecule carbon dioxide (chemical symbol CO2).

Chemistry's Beginnings

Many chemical reactions and procedures were being used long before human beings figured out that chemical laws actually governed their behaviour.

One example is the use of fire by early peoples as a source of light and heat: This is an oxidation reaction taking place.

The real beginnings of chemistry must be attributed to the developed cultures of times past. We can assume that the Egyptians, as well as the Chinese and ancient Greeks, were at the centre of the progress made in olden times. The inventions and discoveries made back then were often revolutionary, like the invention of gunpowder, which the Chinese discovered in the year 900 A.D. These discoveries often served to spark great progress in the field of natural sciences.

The ancient Greeks explained the nature of matter two different ways. Some claimed that all materials were made of four basic building blocks, or elements: air, water, earth and fire. Others believed that all materials were made up of incredibly minute particles, so–called atoms (Greek atomos = invisible). Chemistry as a science had first to be founded from a philosophical perspective. Only later could fields of study like metallurgy and alchemy be developed.

For a long period of time, alchemy concerned itself with the discovery of what was then known as the "philosophers' stone«. Alchemists attempted to turn simple metals, such as lead, into gold. This discipline came into being in the sixth century B.C. in Egypt. The word alchemy as such means "black element».

No documents exist that prove that the so–called philosophers' stone was ever discovered, but the amount and variety of experiments performed in the pursuit of changing metals to gold proved to be of great importance for the future of chemistry.

In the Middle Ages, chemistry began to have close ties with medicíne. Only a short time later, science began to be perceived as a series of factual and methodical processes, and old–style mythological beliefs slowly faded into the sunset. Antoine Lavoisier began the modern era of chemistry by proving the existence of «Oxygenia» through a combustion experiment.

The 18th century saw scientific progress accelerated in an unprecedented fashion. New elements were discovered. The foundations of both electrochemistry and organic chemistry were laid. And, scientists began to try to organise matter, or the elements, in a systematic way. In the end, it was Mendel and Meyer who found the answer in what is now known as the periodic table of the elements, which is in use to this day.

The discovery of molecular orbitals in the 20th century helped to explain covalent bonding. Thanks to that discovery, more and more synthetic products (artificially produced) were developed. In addition, one of the most revolutionary discoveries of recent history was the «untangling» of the structure of the DNA molecule, the building block of all organic matter.

Of course, chemistry is not a closed system, unrelated to others. It is only one segment of the spectrum of natural sciences, all of which are in constant flux, changing and being modified constantly.